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The 4 German Cases & Article Declension Matrix

German uses 4 grammatical cases to show who does what to whom. The subject is Nominative, the direct object is Accusative, the indirect recipient is Dative, and the owner is Genitive.

01

Mathematical Formula Blueprints

The 4 Case Roles

Identify the question word to immediately determine the required case.

Nominativ (Wer? / Was?) - Subject+Akkusativ (Wen? / Was?) - Direct Object+Dativ (Wem?) - Indirect Recipient+Genitiv (Wessen?) - Possession
Example:

"Der Vater (Nom) gibt dem Sohn (Dat) den Schlüssel (Akk) des Hauses (Gen)."

Subject: Der Vater | Recipient: dem Sohn | Object: den Schlüssel | Owner: des Hauses

02

Core Rules & Sentence Mechanics

The Masculine Shift Rule (Der -> Den -> Dem -> Des)

Feminine (die) and Neuter (das) articles do not change in the Accusative. Only masculine articles change from DER to DEN.

Ich sehe den Mann (Masc. Akk), die Frau (Fem. Akk), das Kind (Neut. Akk).

The Dative Plural "-n" Rule

In the Dative plural, all articles become "den" and almost all nouns receive an extra "-n" ending unless the plural already ends in -n or -s.

Ich helfe den Kindern (Kind + er + n), den Freunden (Freund + e + n).
03

Reference Matrix & Master Table

Definite & Indefinite Article Declension Matrix
CaseMasculine (der/ein)Feminine (die/eine)Neuter (das/ein)Plural (die/-)
Nominativder / eindie / einedas / eindie / keine
Akkusativden / einendie / einedas / eindie / keine
Dativdem / einemder / einerdem / einemden (+n) / keinen (+n)
Genitivdes (+s/es) / einesder / einerdes (+s/es) / einesder / keiner
04

Official Goethe & telc Exam Traps

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The N-Declension Trap (Weak Masculine Nouns)

A specific group of masculine nouns (ending in -e, -ist, -ent, -ant) must take an extra -(e)n in all cases except Nominative singular.

COMMON MISTAKE (0 Points)

Ich kenne den Kollege seit vielen Jahren. (WRONG)

CORRECT STRUCTURE

Ich kenne den Kollegen seit vielen Jahren. (CORRECT)

Examiner Rule: der Kollege -> den/dem/des Kollegen | der Student -> den/dem/des Studenten
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Live Interactive Calibration

KNOWLEDGE CHECK

Test Your Understanding

Try these 2 interactive calibration questions for The 4 German Cases & Article Declension Matrix.

Question 1 of 2Dative Verb Triggers

Der Arzt hilft [ ··· ] verletzten Mann sofort.

Question 2 of 2Accusative Direct Objects

Wir haben gestern [ ··· ] neuen Vertrag unterschrieben.

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